Endocrinology

1. Identify the hormones produced by the hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary
2. Contrast the mechanism of hormone release by the anterior and posterior pituitary
3. Define trophic and non-trophic hormones
4. Describe the negative feedback controls of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary axis
5. Explain the significance of synergism, permissive and antagonistic hormones
6. Diagnose whether an endocrine pathology is a primary or secondary disorder

Short-term metabolism

1. Describe the metabolic fate of amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids during the fed and fasted states
2. Identify the roles of HDL- and LDL-cholesterol
3. Identify the primary energy stores of the body
4. Define the processes of glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipogenesis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis. Identify whether each predominates in the fed or fasted states.
5. Explain how insulin and glucagon maintain glucose homeostasis
6. Describe the role of insulin and GLUT proteins in glucose metabolism
7. Identify the primary symptoms of untreated type 1 diabetes
8. Compare and contrast the physiologic cause of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Long-term metabolism

1. Describe the actions of the corticosteroids and explain how the secretions of the adrenal cortex are regulated
2. Identify the symptoms of corticosteroid disorders
3. Explain the physiologic response to stress
4. Describe the regulation of thyroid hormone, its effect on cells, and the symptoms of thyroid disorders
5. Explain the different mechanisms of goiter development
6. Describe the regulation of growth hormone, its metabolic effects, and the symptoms of abonormal secretion
7. Compare and contrast the overall effects of cortisol, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon